Nd:YVO4

Nd:YVO4 is an important material in laser technology. Nd: YVO4 refers to neodymium (Nd) doped into yttrium orthovanadate (YVO4) crystal, forming a composite material with excellent optical properties. This material is widely used in laser technology, particularly in solid-state lasers.

Nd:YVO4 is renowned for its efficient optical properties, including high absorption cross section, long fluorescence lifetime, and outstanding laser performance. Its wide spectral bandwidth and high thermal conductivity make Nd:YVO4 the preferred material for high-power laser systems, facilitating precise material processing, advanced research endeavors, and innovative technological solutions across diverse fields. As a result of these advantageous properties, Nd:YVO4 finds widespread application in laser marking, cutting, engraving, scientific research, and various other domains.

Figure 1. Absorption Curve of 0.5% Nd:YVO4 (thickness 4 mm)

Physical and Optical Properties:

Atomic Density	1.26x1020 atoms /cm3 (Nd1.0%)	Crystal Structure	Zircon Tetragonal, space group D4h-I4/amd a=b=7.1193A,c=6.2892A
Density	4.22g/cm3	Mohs Hardness	4-5(Glass-like)
Thermal Expansion Coefficient (300K)	αa=4.43x10-6 /K αc=11.37x10-6 /K	Thermal Conductivity	5.2W/m/K(@25℃)
Laser Wavelength	1064nm,1342nm	Thermal Optical Coefficient (300K)	dno/dT=8.5×10-6 /K dne/dT=2.9×10-6 /K
Stimulated Emission Cross-section	25×10-19cm2 @ 1064nm	Pump Wavelength	808nm
Chemical Formula	Nd:YVO4	Fluorescent Lifetime	90μs(1% Nd doping)
Absorption Coefficient	31.4cm-1@810nm	Intrinsic Loss	0.02cm-1@1064nm
Gain Bandwidth	0.96nm@1064nm	Polarized Laser  Emission	π polarization; parallel to optic axis(c-axis)
Diode Pumped Optical to Optical Efficiency	>60%	Sellemeier equations (λ in μm)	n02=3.77834+0.069736/(λ2-0.04724)-0.010813λ2 ne2=4.59905+0.110534/(λ2-0.04813)-0.012676λ2

Laser Properties of Nd:YVO4 vs Nd:YAG

Laser Crystal	Doping (atm%)	σ (x10-19cm2)	α (cm-1)	τ (μs)	Lα (mm)	Pth (mW)	ηs (%)
Nd:YVO4(a-cut)	1.0 2.0	25 25	31.2 72.4	90 50	0.32 0.14	30 78	52 48.6
Nd:YVO4(c-cut)	1.1	7	9.2	90		231	45.5
Nd:YAG	0.85	6	7.1	230	1.41	115	38.6

Advantages of Nd:YVO4 Compared to Nd:YAG:

1. Up to five times higher absorption efficiency across a broad pumping bandwidth centered around 808 nm, resulting in reduced dependency on pumping wavelength and a pronounced inclination towards single-mode output.

2. Stimulated emission cross-section at the lasing wavelength of 1064 nm is up to three times larger.

3. Lower lasing threshold and increased slope efficiency.

4.  As a uniaxial crystal with significant birefringence, emission is solely linearly polarized.

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