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Sapphire (Al2O3)

This article is a general introduction to Sapphire (Al2O3), including the structure and orientations of sapphire, the mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of sapphire, and the sapphire growth method. Charts and curves of technical parameters are also included.

BaF₂（氟化钡）常用于光谱学组件

氟化钡（Barium Fluoride）常用于光谱学组件。氟化钡通常适用于被动红外波段（8 到 14 μm）的应用，并常被用作热成像的观察窗。对于相同厚度的材料，其透射率比氟化钙（Calcium Fluoride）在红外波段可延伸约 1 微米。最高品质的氟化钡还可作为已知最快的闪烁体材料，在高能物理实验中得到应用。

氟化钙（CaF₂）及其光学性能与应用

氟化钙（Calcium Fluoride, CaF2）在红外光学中有广泛应用，例如光谱用 CaF2 窗口、CaF2 棱镜和 CaF2 镜片。特别是高纯度氟化钙（CaF2）在紫外光学以及 UV 激光（Excimer 激光）窗口中具有重要应用。氟化钙（CaF2）还可以掺铕（Eu）用作伽马射线闪烁体。

锗（Germanium）- 高折射率材料

锗（Germanium）是一种高折射率材料，常用于制造用于光谱学的衰减全反射（ATR）棱镜。由于其折射率特性，锗无需镀膜即可作为一种天然的 50% 分光器。锗也被广泛用作生产光学滤光片的基底材料。它覆盖整个 8-14 微米热红外波段，并被用于热成像镜头系统中。锗可通过钻石镀膜（Diamond AR coating）制成极其坚硬的前端光学元件。

LiF (Lithium Fluoride)

Lithium fluoride is the material with the most extreme UV transmission of all and is used for special UV optics. Lithium fluoride transmits well into the VUV region at the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121nm) and beyond. Lithium fluoride is also used for X-ray monochromator plates where its lattice spacing makes it the most useful analysis crystal.

MgF2 (Magnesium Fluoride)

Magnesium Fluoride transmits well into the VUV region to the hydrogen Lyman-alpha line (121nm) and beyond. Magnesium Fluoride is used mostly for UV optics and is excellent for Excimer laser applications.

MgO (Magnesium Oxide)

Magnesium Oxide can be used for high temperature windows and substrates. HTSC substrates.

SiO2 (Quartz Crystal)

Optically, Crystalline Quartz is used extensively as a wave retardation medium. The birefringent properties of Quartz are of use in quarter-wave plates and in polarisers. Quartz should not be processed or used at temperatures greater than 490 °C. Crystalline quartz is also used for electronic filters and resonators. However, Crystran Ltd. does not deal in material for this application.

Si (Silicon)

Silicon is used as an optical window primarily in the 3 to 5 micron band and as a substrate for production of optical filters. Large blocks of Silicon with polished faces are also employed as neutron targets in Physics experiments.

TiO2 (Rutile)

Rutile is a high index material used for coupling prisms.
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